Minneapolis Divorce Attorney & Lawyer : Minnesota Family Law Firm : Brown Law Offices : St. Paul, Twin Cities MN

More and more Minnesota counties are providing divorce litigants with an opportunity to resolve their financial issues through a process known as "Financial Early Neutral Evaluation." Settlement success rates in the FENE model are astonishing - as high as 75% in some jurisdictions.

An FENE involves a half-day session (or two, or three, or four) with a court-appointed neutral. This neutral typically is an experienced family law attorney, or a CPA familiar with the financial issues involved in a divorce. The parties, and their lawyers, sit down with the evaluator very early in the case - in an effort to catch people before they become too embroiled in conflict, or stuck in their position.

The process begins with the exchange of information, to ensure that there has been a full and fair disclosure of all income, assets and liabilities. A balance sheet is often created, which defines the universe of assets and debts, attributes value, provides a basis for the value, carves out any non-marital claims, and then allocates the relevant item to one of the parties. Once all allocated assets and debts are added up for each litigant, the cumulative value for each should be equal. This is typically the least controversial portion of the FENE, but can take some time.

The more controversial portion of the FENE involves the issue of spousal maintenance. With the assistance of the evaluator, the income and budgets of the parties will be scrutinized. A range of possible outcomes may be discussed, and recommendations may be made by the evaluator concerning the amount, and duration, of alimony in the event that the judge is left to decide the issue. Settlement discussions begin with that opinion as a backdrop.

Why does FENE work so often? A few points:

• The parties have direct conversation with one another, and the evaluator, in a natural way. A far cry from the robotic "question and answer" method of introducing evidence during a trial.
• The rules of evidence go out the window at an FENE. Any issue is up for discussion, empowering participants to voice their real-life concerns.
• Emotions may be taken into account at an FENE. Issues concerning "fairness" and "hurt" may be addressed as part of the process. Frankly, the law of "no-fault divorce" precludes alot of this in the courtroom.
• The process can be therapeutic. People feel like they can speak their mind, and they are listened to. Sometimes all a party needs is to be heard by someone. 
• Spouses have to look each in the eye as they discuss the issues. Very different from sitting 25 feet apart in the courtroom, facing front.
• There is a real sense that the parties can "get it done" during the process. Litigants believe that closure has real value, and may be worth a compromise.
• The process is a respectful one. Most evaluators know how to keep tempers from flaring.
• The evaluators, not the lawyers, control the agenda. Both parties feel they are on a level playing field. 
• Opinions matter. Litigants afford substantial weight to the perspective of the evaluators. They know the evaluator has no stake in the outcome, and the experience to back up their opinions.
• The neutrals are forced to "show their work." What I mean is that the parties are literally walked through each of the elements of the case, together, and hear the same thing at the same time. They see how the opinions of the evaluator are created right before their eyes, giving them more credibility.
• The surroundings are comfortable. There are no robes, no gavels, no court reporters, and no security. Just people sitting around a table, with their favorite beverage, talking.

As time goes on, I suspect the FENE process will gain statewide acceptance. Most of the counties in the Twin Cities metro area have adopted such a program. Why wouldn't they? With a 3/4 reduction in divorce litigation, everybody wins....except those lawyers whose practice model is based on "dog fight" mentality. But, who's feeling sorry for them anyway?

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It was a privilege to spend some time with WCCO's Esme Murphy last Saturday evening. Esme and I discussed a number of family law issues unique to Minnesota, in the wake of the pending divorce between Arnold Schwarzenegger and Maria Shriver.

On a personal note, a real thrill to share the same air as Steve Cannon, Charlie Boone and Sid Hartman, among others - if only for a short time.

Topics addressed in the interview include custody, child support, spousal maintenance, property division, no-fault divorce, common misconceptions, and the subtle differences litigants will find from county to county.

Run Time: 13:54

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The lawyers with Thyden, Gross & Callahan, LLP, authors of the Maryland Divorce Legal Crier, recently published an article entitled "Putting the Fault Back into No-Fault Divorce." They point out that despite the fact that several states on the east coast have moved (like Minnesota in the 1970's) to "no-fault" divorce, fault still creeps into the mix.

The same is true in Minnesota. While easy to simply utter "we're a no-fault state," we're not entirely no-fault. Here's a compare/contrast between they Thyden summary and Minnesota law:

Property:

East Coast. In determining how marital property is to be equitably distributed, each jurisdiction has another list of factors the court must consider.  In Maryland, there is a catch all provision that includes any other factors that the court considers appropriate.  In Virginia, one factor is circumstances contributing to the dissolution of marriage.  In DC, it is circumstances contributing to the estrangement.

Minnesota: We see fault creep into asset and liability allocations through the dissipation of assets, concealing of assets, or "sin spending." If a party dissipates assets (sells while divorce is imminent) the non-selling spouse will likely receive their share of that asset, on the balance sheet, as part of the ultimate distribution. If a spouse conceals assets, the court may ultimately award the concealed asset, in full, to the innocent spouse. And, if one party gambles away marital assets, or incurs substantial debt in relation to alcohol abuse, cheating or gambling, the court may allocate the financial consequences of "faulty" behavior to the "sinning" spouse. 

Custody: 

East Coast. Marital misconduct does not necessarily make you a bad parent.  The test is best interest of the children.  But the parties think it is important that the judge know what a scoundrel the other parent is, especially if the other parent is slinging mud, too.

Minnesota. Minnesota's "best interest standard" takes into account behavior that impedes a spouse's ability to adequately parent a child. For example, if alcoholism led to a breakdown in the marital relationship, no impact on spousal maintenance. Custody? The court is absolutely interested in hearing about it...and how the alcohol abuse has affected the children. The same is true with domestic abuse, adultery or late night partying.

Alimony:

East Coast: In each jurisdiction, the law provides a list of factors the court must consider in determining alimony. In Maryland and DC, one of the factors is circumstances surrounding the estrangement of the parties. In Virginia, adultery can prevent a spouse from receiving alimony unless the court finds that would create a manifest injustice.

Minnesota: A list of factors for the court to consider, but the circumstances surrounding the estrangement of the parties is not one of the them. Nor is the question of adultery. Many of our clients are shocked ("outraged" is a more accurate description) to learn that their spouse's cheating has no bearing on an award of spousal maintenance. Might a newly-elected conservative legislature in Minnesota be open to changing the statute? Wouldn't surprise me.

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This week the Minnesota Supreme Court issued a decision in the Angell case. Chief Justice Gildea authored the 17 page opinion. There was no dissent.

The issue in Angell was whether federal law preempts a district court‘s award of death benefits to a non-beneficiary spouse. The Court held that Federal anti-attachment provisions preempt a district court‘s order apportioning $150,000 in federal death benefits to a non-beneficiary spouse under Minn. Stat. § 518.58, subd. 2 (2008) in a marriage dissolution.

The parties were married in 1981. One of their sons, Levi, enlisted in the Marines in 2002. He died during combat operations in Iraq in 2004. Prior to his death, Levi secured life insurance coverage through the Service members Group Life Insurance (SGLI) program. SGLI is regulated under federal law. Levi named his mother, alone, the beneficiary under the policy. She received approximately $500,000 following Levi's death.

Two years later, a dissolution action was commenced. The case required a trial, but the only issue involved the characterization of the SGLI benefit as "marital" or "non-marital."

While the district court found the SGLI benefits were non-marital in favor of Wife, Husband was awarded a share of the proceeds to prevent "unfair hardship," as permitted by state statute. Wife appealed, alleging that the SGLI benefit was under the "exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government."

The Minnesota Court of Appeals found that the district court‘s order awarding appellant a share of the federal death benefits directly conflicted with the express prohibition under federal law barring the diversion of military death benefits from designated beneficiaries of those benefits.

The Minnesota Supreme Court accepted review. In affirming, Justice Gildea opined that "Under the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution, a federal law prevails over a conflicting state law."

She noted:

A state law conflicts with a federal law when it is impossible for a private party to comply with both state and federal requirements or when the state law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.

Justice Gildea ultimately concluded that:

The district court‘s award of a portion of the federal death benefits to appellant interferes with the congressional objective expressed in the federal anti-attachment statutes. In these statutes, Congress made clear through the exemption of the federal death benefits from any legal or equitable process whatever that these benefits belong only to the beneficiary.

Despite the inequities that may exist for father, the outcome in this case appears to be appropriate. There really isn't any question about the nature of the benefit as non-marital (even the district court agreed), but the dispute in this case really came down to "equity" under state law against the trumping nature of an unassignable benefit under federal law. Federal law always wins.

One has to wonder whether Levi would appreciate the outcome in this case. At the time he executed the SGLI paperwork, he named only his mother beneficiary. But, that was several years before his parents separated. Did he really want only his mother to realize the proceeds from the policy? Or, did he think she would, logically, share the proceeds with his father? Was mom the better money manager? Many things to speculate about.

Perhaps if the form itself explained to the insured the consequence of naming one parent as sole beneficiary in the event of divorce, he would have listed both parents. Then again, maybe he wouldn't have. Either way, important for anyone obtaining life insurance (in particular, through the SGLI) to knowingly name (or preclude) certain individuals from benefiting from the policy in the event of a divorce.

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In addition to homes, automobiles, bank accounts and furniture, retirement plans may be "marital property," subject to an equitable division among the parties to a divorce. 

Many twenty-pound books have been written about the methods of valuing, and dividing, retirement interests. In fact, some lawyers make their living handling only the orders associated with slicing and dicing retirement plans, for two key reasons. First, this stuff is rather confusing, even to the most qualified divorce attorneys, making specialization critical. Second, many family lawyers don't wish to test the strength of their malpractice coverage by lurking in dark places. 

A few key terms to understand:

• Qualified Domestic Relations Orders (QDRO): An order drafted after entry of a divorce decree that splits ownership of a retirement plan. The plan administrator will have sample language to follow. Learn more about Qualified Domestic Relations Orders.
• Certified Judgment and Decree: A copy of a final divorce decree that contains the seal of the court administrator, validitating authenticity of the decree.

In an effort to help you get your arms wrapped around retirement interests, we offer the following: (1) common plan descriptions; and (2) method utilized to divide them:

• 401(k) Plan: An employee contributes a percentage of income to the plan, pre-tax. The employer may match the contribution of the employee in part, or full. Withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income. Withdrawal before 59 1/2 usually results in additional penalties. Divided pursuant to a QDRO. Learn more about 401(k) plans. 
• 403(b) Plan: Similar to a 401(k) plan, but offered by public education organizations and other non-profits. Divided pursuant to a QDRO. Learn more about 403(b) plans.
• 457 Plan: Similar to a 401(k) plan, but offered by some government employers. Divided pursuant to a QDRO.  Learn more about 457 plans.
• Deferred Compensation: A portion of an employee's income is paid at a future date, tax-deferred until payment is received. Many municipal employees, such as police officers, participate in deferred compensation plans. Divided pursuant to a QDRO. Learn more about deferred compensation plans.
• Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP): A portion of the employee's salary is used to purchase company stock. The company holds the stock, in trust, for the employee. The employee receives cash, or shares, at time of termination of employment. Divided pursuant to a QDRO. Learn more about ESOPs.
• Profit Sharing Plan: The employer makes a contribution to an employee's account, if the company yields a profit, based on a formula. Divided pursuant to a QDRO. Learn more about profit sharing plans.
• Pensions: Arrangement in which a retired employee receives periodic payments from their former employer, whether a private company, union, the military or government agency. Divided pursuant to a QDRO, or non-qualified DRO. Learn more about pensions.
• Roth IRA: Individuals contribute to an account held in their name, on a post-tax basis. Growth on investment distributed tax free. Divided pursuant to a certified Judgment and Decree. Learn more about ROTH IRAs. 
• Simple IRA: An employee contributes a pecentage of income to the plan, pre-tax. The employer may match the contribution of the employee in part, or full. Similar to a 401(k), but less expensive to administrate. Divided pursuant to a QDRO. Learn more about Simple IRA accounts.
• Simplified Employee Pension (SEP): An employee contributes a pecentage of income to the plan, pre-tax. The employer may contribute to the plan. Divided pursuant to a certified Judgment and Decree. Learn more about SEP plans.
• Social Security: Individuals receive periodic payments from the government when they reach a specific age. Benefits are non-marital and, therefore, not subject to division among the parties. Learn more about social security benefits.
• Thrift Savings Plan (TSP): Defined contribution plan for federal civil service employees. Similar in nature to a 401(k) plan.  Divided pursuant to a QDRO. Learn more about TSP.
• Traditional IRA: Individuals contribute to an account held in their name, on a pre-tax basis. Divided pursuant to a certified Judgment and Decree. Learn more about Traditional IRAs.

Any number of other plans may be available to a particular employee, but these are by far the most common. If you have a question about another type of plan, such as a deferred annuity, TSA, money purchase plan or SARSEP, I invite you to contact me at your convenience.

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Many of our current and former clients are entrepreneurs - owners of small businesses, including restaurants, hair salons, trucking entities, vending services, auto repair shops, construction companies and web design firms. Important to keep in mind that even if the business was started and managed by just one spouse, it may be "marital" in nature. Marital assets are generally subject to an equal division among the parties.

The first step in allocating a business interest involves ascertaining a market value for the entity. It should come as no surprise that business owners typically think their enterprise is worth very little when a spouse comes knocking with divorce papers. That's when a divorce attorney experienced in complex property valuation and allocation cases can help.

In an effort to combat the difficulty associated with determining the market value of a business interest, one (or sometimes both) parties will retain the services of a qualified business appraiser to evaluate the asset. The best business appraisers are certified in their field, have many years of experience and hold advanced degrees and credentials in accounting. We have ongoing relationships with some of the best appraisers in the Twin Cities.

The cost of a business appraisal varies widely, depending upon the qualifications of the appraiser and the nature of the company being valued. Naturally, the larger the enterprise, the more involved the appraisal will be. Base rates for appraisals of simple sole proprietorships typically range from $4,000 to $6,000.  

As part of their valuation, business appraisers will produce a detailed report. These reports become evidence in the case and describe the information gathered by the evaluator, methods utilized to determine value and an ultimate opinion as to the value of the business.

Evaluators will use some, or all, of the following approaches in determining the value of a business:

• Income Approach: Values a business based upon the ability to generate economic benefit for the owners. For example, if a small business is a "high risk" investment, a buyer may wish to realize a return of 20% per year on equity. As a result, the business may be worth five times the profits of the business.
• Asset Approach: Values a business based on a balance sheet of assets less liabilities. Profits are not taken into account, just equipment, inventory and goodwill, offset by debts owed.
• Market Approach: Values a business by comparing historic sales of similar businesses. An evaluator may research recent sales in the marketplace to determine what a willing buyer would pay for the business interest.

Please contact me if you have further questions about the division of business interests in a Minnesota divorce. Our Minneapolis divorce lawyers offer a free consultation to all potential clients.

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In this edition of The Family Law Show we summarize how judges value and allocate assets and debts as parties dissolve their marriage.  

Every case, regardless of the age, income or educational level of the litigants, will involve an analysis of the relevant property interests of the couple - even if they've only been married for a short time.

Topics discussed in this podcast include the concealing of assets, tools for uncovering assets, the difference between marital and non-marital property, and the general rule of an equal division of assets and debts, despite the relevant statute requiring a "just and equitable" distribution.

Run Time: 13:24

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Many divorces involve alimony, child support and the division of assets - all of which involve taxation issues. Litigants tend to overlook the impact that these provisions will have on their taxes. As lawyers, however, we consistently take the tax consequences into account in determining what is fair and equitable under the circumstances.

Alimony payments are considered income for the person to whom the payments are made, and are deductible to the person who's making the payments. If the parties are in different tax brackets, the government may wind up subsidizing part of the alimony payment.

In contrast to alimony, child support payments are not considered as income to the person receiving the payments, nor are payments deductible to the person making the payment. As a result, child support payments do not have any tax consequences at all. Important, however, if alimony is also an issue, to run the child support numbers and compare available cash - as opposed to gross income - in determining need versus ability to pay.

The sale of the marital homestead does not typically involve a taxable event. Capital gains up to $500,000 from the sale of the homestead will be not subject to taxation, if you have lived there for two of the last five years.

If you choose to transfer title to the residence, allowing your spouse to retain the equity, no taxable event occurs. Many clients will opt to use the home equity as an offset against alimony payments, avoiding tax issues altogether.  

However, if you want to adjust the property division in a way that allows both partners to retain equal equity in assets, there may be sizable tax consequence to consider. For example, if one spouse retains the marital homestead and offers the other a retirement account in exchange for his/her share of equity in the house, the resulting settlement may not be fair to the one who takes the retirement account. That's because if this spouse wants to access his retirement account funds, they cannot do so without incurring a tax liability. As a result, when you factor in the tax liability, the person who received the retirement account could actually end up with a lower settlement.

Simply put, a dollar of equity in a home is worth a dollar on the street. A dollar in a 401(k) plan is worth, perhaps, 70 cents on the street. For that reason, we always consider the net value of a particular asset in creating an equal property settlement.

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The Brown Law Offices has aired its first podcast of The Family Law Show.

Attorney Jason Brown answers the questions we're asked most often by new divorce clients.

Topics in this podcast include the length of a case, the costs of a case, venue, the need for a lawyer, contested versus uncontested divorce and concealing of assets.

Run Time: 14:59

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Michelle Lore, a contributing author to the Minnesota Lawyer Blog recently authored a post about the custody decision in Maryland involving...a dog. She reports:

A judge in Maryland recently decided a custody battle with a twist — it was over a beloved pet.

A childless couple heading for a divorce could not agree on who would have the right to keep Lucky, their 16-pound Lhasa apso.

Maryland treats pets as jointly owned marital property that must be sold if the divorcing couple can’t agree on who gets to keep them. The parties split the proceeds of the sale.

But retired Prince George’s County Circuit Judge Graydon S. McKee III, a dog owner himself, didn’t like that solution so he fashioned his own. After hearing testimony from both parties — Gayle, who lives in Alexandria, Va., and Craig, who resides in Dunkirk, Md. — McKee decided that the couple would split custody. Lucky will alternate homes every six months.

Comments seem to make great reading. No exception here. Law Lacky said, "That is nothing. I worked on a divorce case a decade ago that involved ferrets. The divorce decree included weekly visitations and “ferret support."

In Minnesota, pets are viewed as property, with no clear answer on how to "divide" them.

Minnesota attorney Barbara Gislason, a nationally recognized animal rights lawyer has this to say about pets and custody:

It is an interesting phenomenon that they seem almost invisible in Family Law. Because about 2/3 of households have pets and spend in excess of 40 billion per year on them, and a majority of owners consider animals to be family members, should this continue?

Barbara's position seems to make sense. I can't imagine it would take the legislature more than a few minutes to adopt a quick set of standards for the court to consider, including who has been the primarily caretaker of the animal.

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Michelle O'Neil, a divorce attorney with O'Neil Anderson in Dallas, Texas recently posted about an app she helped create for the iPhone: Divorce Cost & Preps. She writes:

CNN Headline News featured the Divorce Cost & Prep iPhone App created by Dallas Divorce Lawyer Michelle May O'Neil and Fort Worth CPA Bryan Rice. The story originally ran on CBS11 in Dallas on Wednesday night, but by Friday The Morning Express with Robin Meade Show on CNN HLN picked up the story and it spread throughout the US and the world.

According to O'Neil, the app serves two purposes. First, a person contemplating divorce can assess the hidden and direct costs of divorce, such as the cost of providing two houses, two wardrobes for the children, or transportation costs for exchanging the children between houses. Second, the app gives divorce clients a list of information and documents to gather for their lawyer to assist preparation of their divorce.

Divorce Cost & Prep is available on iTunes for $4.99. Lots of apps for lawyers to use, but only a limited number geared toward clients. Congrats to Michelle and Bryan for their creative success.

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Who would believe an instant camera to lead to so much conflict? Noeleen Walder of the New York Law Journal recently authored an article entitled "Divorcing Couple Hits Snag Over Splitting 7,000 Family Photos." Walder writes:

When M.R. and E.R. decided to call it quits after more than 20 years of marriage, they had no trouble agreeing on how to split the marital home or how to handle custody of their children. But when it came to figuring out how to divide more than 7,000 photographs, the picture got blurrier.

...after spending more than $2,100 to scan the photos onto a disc, the quality of the reproductions became a bone of contention. The judge attempted to broker an agreement, but the parties maintained what he called their "intractable and opposite positions."

At a hearing last week, during which both parties appeared pro se, the husband testified "in great detail about his meticulous cataloging of photographs," which he equated with the hobby of collecting rare books.

He characterized his wife's involvement in the process as "limited" and "antagonistic," and said he believed she was fighting over the albums for vindictive, rather than sentimental, reasons.

The wife testified that she had some involvement in compiling the photos and said that several of those that were copied contained imperfections.

The judge ultimately awarded the husband 75% of the original photos and said:

The method of selection shall be in a manner agreed to by the parties or the selection process shall be as follows: starting with the first album, the Wife shall, counting from the first page thereof, be entitled to receive every fourth original photograph in that album.

Whether the division of a set of porcelain cougars, Nascar paraphernalia or beer mugs from Norway, we've been involved in a good number of disputes similar to the one reported by Walder. And they drive judges nuts. It's an interesting study in human nature. To witness the sentimental value clients attach to things that, to the general public, are basically worthless. I get it, through. I've got a treasured lamp from my mom's side of the family and a cool wooden candy dish from my dad's parents. Photos are no different.

I often tell clients that their spouse knows better than anyone how to push their buttons. Unfortunately, a lot of button-pushing goes on during litigation. If you find yourself in the early stages of divorce, you may still have the ability to prevent problems later. My suggestion? Box your treasures up and get it out of the house...right now. Take them to your lawyer's office, or leave it with a trusted friend or family member. You can't sell them, but you can "store" things until the divorce is final. I'm willing to bet your spouse will forget about your Gumby clock altogether.

As to family photos and videos? This couple seemed to have it right at the onset. But, courts typically order the parties to split the cost of reproducing everything and dividing the originals equally. Looks like husband scored a victory.

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I was browsing the California Divorce Blawg yesterday and fellow family blogger John E. Harding highlighted a recent article by Laura Petrecca in USA Today on prenuptial agreements.

At least once a week our firm is contacted by a soon-to-be bride or groom, who have taken time away from cake, dress and music selections to ask that age-old question: what if?

Here's what Petrecca reports:

Specific data about the often-complex contracts don't exist, mainly because prenups fall into the area between family law and estate planning, so there is no single trade group continually tracking trends, says Steve Hartnett, associate director of education for the American Academy of Estate Planning Attorneys.

But a number of factors are fueling the prenup bump. At a broad level, they have gained more acceptance as a financial-planning tool.

Personal-finance expert Suze Orman encourages every engaged couple to get one to protect their current and future assets as well as to shield themselves in case a mate secretly runs up massive credit card debt (which could damage both partners' credit scores).

Elizabeth Gilbert, author of the blockbuster tome Eat Pray Love, recently made the case in her new best seller, Committed, for why she and her husband got a prenup.

"Marriage is not just a private love story but also a social and economical contract of the strictest order," she says. "If it weren't, there wouldn't be thousands of municipal, state and federal laws pertaining to our matrimonial union."

More than one-third of adults — 36% — said prenups make smart financial sense, according to the Harris survey. When Harris asked that same question in 2002, 28% said so.

In a recession, people want to hang onto the assets they have, so they increasingly look to these pacts as an option, says Robert Nachshin, co-author of the prenup guide I Do, You Do ... But Just Sign Here.

Catch Petrecca's full article here. Find Minnesota's statutes on prenuptial agreements here. The Minnesota State Bar Association has also published an easy-to-understand summary on prenups. Find it here.

Key Points:

• Prenuptial agreements are a mechanism for parties to re-write the statutes that govern divorce to conform to their own expectations.
• Even if a prenuptial agreement has been executed, the party to a divorce may seek to challenge its contents.
• A prenuptial agreement must meet both a "substantive" and "procedural" fairness test to be enforced under Minnesota law.
• Minnesota law requires a prenuptial agreement to be in writing, signed by two witnesses and notarized to be enforceable.
• The parties to a prenuptial agreement must disclose all of their income, assets and liabilties as party of the agreement.
• The parties to a prenuptial agreement do not need to be represented by lawyer (but should), but the parties to a postnuptial agreement (a prenuptial agreement executed after marriage) must be represented by counsel under Minnesota law.

When I meet with a couple who want to have a prenuptial agreement in place, we try to have a little fun. I mean, what else could be more enjoyable during the happiest time of your life than thinking about the worst possible scenario?

How in the heck do you raise the issue of a prenup with the love of your life? For the true romantics out there, and with a little help from Relationship Online Information, here are a few ways to surprise the one you cherish:

• Does your girlfriend love the movies? If so, then organize a movie-night at home complete with DVDs, popcorn, candy, soda and a prenup.
• Slip a prenup between the pages of a book your fiance is currently reading, into her lunchbox or even her handbag or purse if you get the chance. Just think of the surprise she’ll get next time she goes to pay for something, opens her lunch at work or starts reading her novel.
• You could mail your fiance a prenup. This is almost a lost art form these days, taken over as they are by emails and instant messages. What a surprise he'll get if you write a heartfelt prenup on elegant stationery, add a touch of your perfume and drop it in the mail. Different, unique and definitely a special way of expressing your passion for him!

If you've got another idea to pass along, such as a tastefully packaged gift certificate to a law firm for Christmas, let me know.

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On March 31, 2010, the Minnesota Supreme Court granted review of the Minnesota Court of Appeals decision in In re the Marriage of Loretta Marie Angell and Gordon William Angell, Jr. The Angell decision focuses heavily on the marital and non-marital characteristics of life insurance proceeds, death-gratuity benefits and military death benefits. Over $500,000 in proceeds were at issue.

In Angell, former husband and wife in a marriage dissolution proceeding respectively challenged the district court's classification and division of death benefits paid after their son died during active military duty. The son had named only his mother as the beneficiary of his military life-insurance policy, which, by federal law, also made her his beneficiary in a federal death-gratuity program available to active-duty service members.

The district court classified these funds as Loretta Angell's exclusive nonmarital property but awarded Gordon Angell a share to prevent an unfair hardship.

Loretta Angell argued that this award violated federal anti-attachment statutes protecting military death benefits.

Gordon Angell filed a notice of review challenging the district court's property classification. He argued that the district court should have classified the life-insurance and death-gratuity benefits as marital property because Loretta Angell did not acquire them as a gift, bequest, devise, or inheritance and because she did not overcome the presumption that property accumulated during marriage is marital property.

Judge Ross concluded that the district court properly classified the life-insurance and death-gratuity benefits as Loretta Angell's nonmarital property, and affirmed the district court‟s classification. But, the Court of Appeals also opined that federal law prohibits the district court from relying on state law to divide the benefits between the parties.

This appears to be an issue of first impression in Minnesota. Interesting, too, that a conflict of laws issue between state and federal statutes found its way into family court. For these reasons, it appears the Minnesota Supreme Court wishes to weigh in. We'll keep you posted.

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In most dissolution cases, a host of assets and liabilities must be accounted for and divided. Homes, cars, boats, snowmobiles, retirement plans, business interests and other "big ticket" items are usually placed on a balance sheet and allocated among the parties, with the spouse receiving more value paying the other a cash equalizer. But what about "the stuff" in your home?

Truth be told, the Court wants nothing to do with dividing items of personal property of nominal value. If parties can't agree on how to divide "the stuff" the judge will simply order everything auctioned and divide the sale proceeds. As you might expect, at auction you'll receive perhaps ten cents on the dollar. We're talking garage sale prices. Then, you, and your spouse, will have to turn right around and purchase another iron, toaster, DVD player and living room set. Makes little sense.

The good news is that there are tried and true processes that we have utilized in assisting couples through the division of "stuff." Here's what has worked for our clients:

• Two Lists: One of you makes two lists of items, of roughly equal value. The lists are presented to the other. The person who didn't draft the lists gets to pick which list they want. There is an incentive for the person drafting to fairly and equitably divide things or they'll get burned during the selection process.
• Silent Auction: This is my favorite. A master list of all of your personal property is created. Each party blindly puts a dollar value next to each item. The high bid takes the item at the value listed. Once all items are bid on, the totals for each party are added up. The party receiving the higher dollar value pays the other a cash equalizer to make up the other's shortfall. Parties are free to place a high value on items they really want, but won't list a ridiculous bid out of fear of paying a large offset.
• Arbitration: An arbitrator is basically a private judge. You pay this person, usually a lawyer, to listen to your side of things in an informal conference setting. Then, your spouse does the same. The arbitrator is given the authority to divide the entire list of items as they deem fair and equitable. Costs are saved because the parties attend the arbitration without counsel and divide the arbitrator's fee. Most couples submit to binding arbitration so that the decision of the arbitrator is final.
• Rotating Lists: Make a master list and take turns going back and fourth until all of the personal property is divided. Flip a coin to see who goes first.

The bottom line is that usually the personal property of the parties isn't worth the money that will be spent fighting over it. It's true...we've been caught in the middle of disputes over Christmas ornaments, but not by choice. By the time all was said and done, both parties could have purchased a collection of new decor with the legal fees they would have saved by putting down the swords and agreeing to a process that would fairly, and cost-effectively, get the issue of personal property division resolved.

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Minnesota law categorizes property as marital or non-marital.

Marital property is usually divided equally while non-marital property is allocated entirely to the party who maintains the non-marital interest. Non-marital property involves the interest a party has in property accumulated prior to a marriage or property received as a gift or inheritence by one spouse, individually, during a marriage. Marital property involves any property that the parties accumulate during their marriage, including home equity, retirement assets, business interests, bank accounts, investments, motor vehicles and other property of value.

In order to ascertain the value of property, experts are typically retained. These include real estate appraisers, actuaries, business valuators and other individuals with specialized knowledge in determining the market value of various assets.  These experts can be retained by one or both of the parties.

Once all property interests are valued, a balance sheet is put together to reflect the allocation each party will receive.  Naturally, one party will receive more property than the other as items are divided.  When this occurs, a cash payment (equalization) is typically made from the spouse receiving more property to the spouse receiving less property in order to equalize the cumulative value of the assets they receive as a result of the dissolution of marriage.

Debts are typically treated the same way as assets.  Quite often, the court will allocate all debts incurred during the marriage equally.  Debts that remain from a time preceding the marriage are typically allocated to the party incurring the debt.  The same is true for debts incurred post-separation. The value of a particular debt is usually verified through a recent statement. Typically, if the party is allocated an asset they will take any debt that accompanies it.  A prime example involves an automobile.  If one spouse takes a car, they will likely have to accept responsibility for the debt associated with it.

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In a published decision entitled Alam v. Chowdhury, the Minnesota Court of Appeals has found that marital property involves acquisitions or increases in value during the marriage itself (not beyond) - even if one party commits fraud upon the court. Judge Hudson wrote for the majority.

The parties were married in 1979. Husband filed a Petition for divorce in 2001, serving Wife and showing her a proposed Marital Termination Agreement. She failed to provide an Answer and Husband moved for default judgment. The district court granted default judgment and signed a Judgment and Decree that was consistent with Husband's proposed Marital Termination Agreement.

In January of 2006, Wife moved to re-open, based upon allegations that Husband misrepresented the value of assets, claimed pre-marital assets that he could not trace and referenced an inheritance that Wife "was to" receive in the relevant Agreement. The district court found that husband committed a fraud upon the court and valued his retirement plan as of January of 2006 - five years after the dissolution of the marriage. Husband appealed.

While the court of appeals found that the court did properly re-open, it also found that the district court improperly applied Minnesota's valuation statute, which reads:

[t]he court shall value marital assets for purposes of division between the parties as of the day of the initially scheduled prehearing settlement conference, unless a different date is agreed upon by the parties, or unless the court makes specific findings that another date of valuation is fair and equitable. If there is a substantial change in value of an asset between the date of valuation and the final distribution, the court may adjust the valuation of that asset as necessary to effect an equitable distribution.

Judge Hudson wrote:

Here, it is undisputed that the parties’ marriage was dissolved in 2001. Thus, during their post-dissolution cohabitation, they were not living in a marital or purportedly marital relationship; accordingly, property acquired during that cohabitation was not marital. Because the district court’s application of the presumption of marital property ignores the part of the statute requiring a marital or purportedly marital relationship, the district court’s application of the presumption runs afoul of the requirement that “[e]very law shall be construed, if possible, to give effect to all its provisions.”

The court of appeals reversed, and ordered the district court to value and divide the account appropriately.

In his dissent, Judge Worke opined that "[b]ecause disregard of legal process and lack of due diligence in objecting to the dissolution weigh heavily against reopening the judgment and decree after so much time has passed, I part from the majority, and determine that the district court abused its discretion by vacating the judgment and decree."

Troubling to many clients is the fact that the court will often value assets as of the date of the first pre-trial conference. This hearing is the final hearing to take place before trial and often occurs more than a year following the service of the Summons and Petition. It seems to me that the standard would be just if the date of service of the initial pleadings served as the valuation date. That way, litigants wouldn't be deterred from purchasing property, placing money into retirement accounts or saving money for the difficult future they face.

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Time Magazine's Belinda Luscombe recently published a piece entitled "Will the Market Kill Your Marriage?" So much of her article rings true in these tough economic times. I highly recommend reading it in it's entirely. She does a nice job laying things on the line.

Here are of a few excerpts:

Recession and divorce, it is said, go together like carriage and horse. Those who labor in Splitsville have several explanations for why that might be. There's the lawyer theory, that money provides the soft fatty tissue that insulates the marital skeleton; once it's cut back and people get a good look at the guts of their relationship, they want out. And there's the marriage-counselor theory, that couples who were never quite on the same page in the checkbook finally get pushed off the ledger by endless bickering over their dwindling resources. And the therapist theory, that financial worries cause stress, stress can cause depression, and depression is a total connubial buzz kill. 

The two assets that typically need to be divided are 401(k)s and the family residence. But suddenly 401(k)s aren't worth as much, and that home whose mortgage was the mother of all argument starters is not an asset at all. It can't be sold - or at least not for a price that provides money to start over. Instead of working out who owns what, lawyers and mediators are trying to figure out the fiendishly trickier conundrum of who owes what. "We're negotiating debts - not assets," says Henry Gornbein, a family-law attorney in Oakland County, Mich. "Two, three years ago, I'd be telling you that houses had equity, and you'd either be doing a buying out or selling the house and splitting whatever the proceeds were. Now it's the reverse. You go into court; the judges just don't know what to do."

Therein lies the dilemma.

Not long ago, people had lots stuff (equity in homes and retirement accounts) to divide. No more. The vast majority of homes involved in a divorce are mortgaged for more than market price (perhaps 80% of our present clients find themselves in this situation) and retirement assets are worth one-half of what they worth a year ago. Tax what's left (oh, and penalize another ten percent for early withdrawal), and then begin to discuss the $20,000 marital credit card debt outstanding. Not a pretty picture.

The good news for families (children in particular) is that we are seeing a sharp increase in a more respectful, uncontested approach to divorce. I don't know if that's because there's nothing to divide, or because people don't have the resources to litigate.

Couples seem to be in the mood to work together. Some agree to keep one spouse in the home, but both continue to split the mortgage payments and ride out the market. They might be able to sell and break even (or even yield a profit) in a few years. Others remain business partners, in a sense, renting out their home when they vacate with a plan to sell when the market picks up. Others are agreeing to let the home go into foreclosure and banking money along the way. Still others are working with the lender to arrange for a short sale.

Elsewhere in our Blog, you will find information concerning property division, home foreclosure, bankruptcy and uncontested divorce. Always best to learn as much as you can about your options going forward.

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Judge Halbrooks has been busy at the Minnesota Court of Appeals. She recently issued three dissolution decisions, none of which were published. Two cases involved property allocation issues, one involved a joint physical custody award and two involved child support calculations:

• Popel v. Popel: Minnesota Court of Appeals (Unpublished). Judge Halbrooks held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding joint physical custody to the parties but remanded for a recalculation of child support and reallocation of non-marital interests.
• Blaeser v. Fiscus: Minnesota Court of Appeals (Unpublished). Judge Halbrooks opined that the district court did not abuse its discretion by failing to modify child support following the emancipation of appellant's oldest child. 
• Murphy v. Murphy: Minnesota Court of Appeals (Unpublished)  Judge Halbrooks found no error in the district court's unequal allocation of marital property.

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The Minnesota Court of Appeals recently rendered three family law decisions, none of which warranted publication. One case involved child support issues, another custody and child support and the third property valuation and division:

• Donovan v. Donovan: Minnesota Court of Appeals (Unpublished). Judge Shumaker held that a child support bonus provision was unambiguous and that the doctrine of laches is inapplicable to child support cases.
• Adler v. Espinosa: Minnesota Court of Appeals (Unpublished). Judge Lansing opined that the district court appropriately determined physical custody and child support obligation.
• McCormick v. McCormick: Minnesota Court of Appeals (Unpublished)  Judge Halbrooks found no error in district court's valuation of real estate and denial of fee award, but reversed district court's award of 100% of the marital equity in the homestead to wife.

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Three family law appellate decisions for review this week: one adoption opinion from the Minnesota Supreme Court, one published interstate child support opinion from the Court of Appeals and one unpublished divorce opinion from the Minnesota Court of Appeals.

• C.O. v. Doe: Minnesota Supreme Court. Justice Page held that due process required an evidentiary hearing to take place before termination of adoption contract.
• In re the Welfare of S.R.S.: Minnesota Court of Appeals (Published). Judge Klaphake opined that Minnesota courts lacked subject matter jurisdiction to modify father's child support obligation.
• Baumgartner v. Baumgartner: Minnesota Court of Appeals (Unpublished). Chief Judge Toussaint found no abuse of discretion in disproportionate award of marital property and no error in valuation of marital property.

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Minnesota divorce statutes distinguish between marital and non-marital property. Marital property involves property acquired during the marriage, while non-marital property involves an asset that was brought into the marriage or received as an inheritance or gift to one spouse but not the other during the marriage. I'm often asked how Minnesota law treats a personal injury settlement. The answer rests in the nature of the recovery.

In Minnesota, an injury survivor can recover damages for a host of "losses," including past and future wage loss, past and future medical expenses and pain and suffering.

Because wages are considered marital property, the past wage loss portion of an injury settlement is deemed marital in nature. The same is true of proceeds received to pay for past medical expenses: a marital liability. As a result, this portion of the personal injury or worker's compensation award is subject to division among the parties.

However, an award for future wage loss and payment received for future medical care is non-marital. Earnings realized following a dissolution of a marriage remains the exclusive property of the earning spouse. Similarly, a debt incurred by a spouse following divorce must be paid by the person who incurs the obligation. Therefore, these portions of an injury settlement are non-marital in nature and are not subject to division.

Similarly, payments made for pain, suffering and loss of enjoyment of life are not subject to division. In a literal sense, your body is non-marital in nature. You brought, for example, your hand into your marriage. Your hand is not subject to division if the marriage dissolves. If you lose your hand in an accident, you have lost a non-marital asset. Compensation for the lost non-marital asset is non-marital as well.

Difficulty rests in the fact that most personal injury cases are settled before trial. The parties will sign a release form. However, that release form does not typically break down the award into neat categories, leaving room for argument on both sides. A jury verdict form, however, will break down the portion of the award given for wage loss, medical bills and pain and suffering.

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Thanks to Mark Wortman, a top Kansas City divorce lawyer, for his recent post surrounding the "dance" between bankruptcy and divorce. In his Missouri Divorce and Family Law Blog, Wartman writes that it may be better to file bankruptcy before the divorce, in light of the following:

• Federal bankruptcy law will allow married couples to file jointly, eliminating the need for two separate bankruptcy filings and two separate attorney fees after the divorce;
• The parties can exempt (protect) double the amount of property if they file jointly;
• Most married couples have joint debt. Even though the divorce court can divide the debt, it cannot alter the contract with the creditor, meaning that if the spouse ordered to pay doesn’t, creditors are going to come after whoever’s name is on the account. Then the only remedy is a contempt of court proceeding, which is time consuming (up to a year) and costly. All the while, the other spouse has to make the payment or suffer the credit consequences. Joint bankruptcy can eliminate the debt all together and avoid the problem of who pays who;
• Joint filing before the divorce will eliminate the need to litigate issue of debt in the divorce, which reduces the time and expense of the divorce, and avoids the result described above. Remember, a divorce decree is just a piece of paper, enforcing it is a whole different matter;
• Although the bankruptcy law will not allow a divorcee to discharge debts ordered in the divorce, the problem of collection and contempt may cause greater credit problems than the bankruptcy itself;
• Joint filing before divorce will allow for a higher income threshold for Chapter 7 qualification (means test avoidance);
• It most likely (almost guaranteed) that you can rebuild and re-establish your credit much faster than you could ever have paid off the debt, while at the same time getting the past problems behind you and truly getting a “fresh start”; and
• Bankruptcy is not the end of the world. It can be an effective solution to a real problem that real people have during these times.

Well thought advice. Of course, you should speak with a bankruptcy lawyer about these issues if you are really serious about filing in the midst of divorce. Bankruptcy is a niche practice and few divorce attorneys (including, admittedly, this one) have a strong command of the nuances of bankruptcy law and procedure.

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The Minnesota Judicial Branch has published an exceptional brochure entitled "From the Judges of Family Court: What to Expect...Divorce in Minnesota." In reviewing, it appears to serve as a "reality check" for the litigants. Much of it I endorse. Here is some of what the Court has to say:

A divorce can be a painful and difficult experience, but if you understand the functions and limitations of the legal system, the process becomes less frustrating. It is our hope, as Judges of Family Court, that this pamphlet will give you a better understanding of the process, and help you get through your divorce with realistic ideas and goals.

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Many of our clients are worried about the fact that they believe their spouse is hiding assets or won’t provide the information necessary to move a case along. The Minnesota Rules of Civil Procedure give divorce attorneys a series of tools that allow us to gather information in a number of ways, including:

• Interrogatories;
• Requests for Production of Documents;
• Requests for Admission;
• Depositions; and
• Subpoenas

The first tool that we utilize involves a series of written questions to your spouse. These are called interrogatories. Your spouse must provide us with written answers to all of our inquiries within thirty (30) days. The answers must be sworn to and signed before a notary. Interrogatories are an effective tool to use in gathering financial information.
 

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Depending upon the facts and legal issues involved in your divorce, a number of experts may play a role in your case, including a home appraiser, actuary, custody evaluator, business appraiser and vocational assessor.

The most common expert we employ is a home appraiser. In most cases the most valuable asset for division is the marital homestead. If one party elects to remain in the homestead we must calculate the equity in the house to determine the value of the property settlement. Naturally, the first step to establishing equity involves the determination of the market value of the property.

A typical homestead appraisal costs around $350. They take approximately one (1) week to complete. Many clients ask if a realtor’s market analysis can substitute for an appraisal. If the parties agree, a market analysis is sufficient. However, a realtor’s market analysis does not hold the same evidentiary weight as a certified real estate appraisal. For that reason, the appraisal is usually preferred.

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One of the more common questions I face from a potential client involves title to property - whether a car, boat, house, ATV, business, bank account or otherwise. They ask, "My spouse says that because my [insert the property interest] is not titled in my name, I am not entitled to any of it. Is that true?"

One highly unique aspect of family practice is the fact that the litigants, unlike basically all other lawsuits, often continue to speak with one another (and even live together) during litigation. Sometimes that can be productive - if the parties are discussing issues in good faith. Other times, one spouse is simply trying to play games and get inside the head of the other. My suggestion? Don't get your legal advice from your soon-to-be ex.

Here's the answer: Title to property is essentially meaningless in divorce court. Minnesota law defines marital property as anything accumulated by the parties during their marriage. Marital property is subject to equal division. The timing of the purchase, not the title, dictates the ownership interest for purposes of a divorce.

Of course, the law recognizes non-marital property, which is not subject to division. Non-marital property has a very specific definition. For the sake of this post, understand that nowhere in the definition of non-marital property is the concept of "marital title" addressed. Unless a piece of property was brought into the marriage by one spouse or received as a gift to one spouse but not the other during the marriage, the property at issue will likely be divided equally among the parties.

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Yesterday, the Minneapolis Star Tribune published part one on a series outlining the deteriorating housing market in the Twin Cities. Written by Chris Serres, Jim Buchta and Glenn Howatt, Minnesota’s New Ghost Towns offers a surprising and depressing look at the current status of suburban real estate in Minnesota. 

We have seen a drastic shift in thinking over the last five years in terms of real estate and its sale during a divorce. Not long ago the concept of a short sale or foreclosure was rarely discussed (perhaps once in 300 divorces). In today's market, however, we frequently discuss with potential clients their options when their mortgage exceeds the market value of their property.

For most parties, dividing assets is the easier part of the equation. People are often eager to receive something of value. More and more, however, we are handling disputes that involve nothing but an allocation of debt. Many seem not to have the incentive to step up to the plate and take on their equitable responsibility under the law - leaving the other to incur more debt, in the form of attorney's fees, just to make things happen.
 

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You and your spouse agree to sell the house (or other real estate) and divide the money from the sale 50%-50%. Here are some of the issues that come up in many divorces:

• While the house is listed for sale, who can live there?
• How will disputes over accepting an offer for the house be resolved? 
• Who will pay the mortgage, insurance, and taxes until the house is sold?
• What if the roof gets a leak? Who will pay for that?
• What does it mean to divide the sale money 50%-50%? What expenses and costs come out first?
• If the house is not sold before the divorce is final, how should the house be awarded in the divorce decree?
• Should the spouses remain "joint tenants" or each own half, as "tenants in common" or something else?

A good divorce attorney will ask about your situation and needs, and can advise you how to best protect your interests during a pending sale of the marital homestead.

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You owned a house before the marriage. You paid $15,000 cash, and took out a mortgage for $110,000. You made mortgage payments of $800 a month for 2 years before the marriage. Before getting married, you made substantial improvements to the house, increasing the value. After 5 years of marriage, you are getting divorced and you want to keep the house. The real estate market has been good for sellers, and the value of your house has risen to $180,000. Your spouse agrees you can keep the house but wants $90,000 (half the value.) What is your response and how do you support your position under Minnesota law?

This is an example of an asset that is part "marital" and part "non-marital". "Marital" assets are divided in a fair and equitable way (usually 50/50). Generally, non-marital assets are not divided - they are awarded to the spouse who owns the non-marital asset.

With this house, you need to figure out what part of the $180,000 is marital and what part is non-marital. The $15,000 downpayment, the mortage payments for 2 years before the marriage, the improvements you made before the marriage, and part of the increase in value of the house are "non-marital."

On the other hand, the mortgage principle spend down and increase in market value applied to that spend down is "marital." The process of running these calculations is know under Minnesota law as the Schmitz formula - named after a MInnesota Supreme Court decision that established the applicable standard. These determinations can become quite complicated, especially when, as in recent times, multiple refinances of a particular piece of property have occurred since marriage.
 

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The Minnesota Court of Appeals has opined that experts retained on a neutral basis by the parties to an action for dissolution of marriage are not entitled to quasi-judicial immunity (they are not immune from being sued for malpractice).

In Peterka v. Dennis, appellant sued respondents, an accountant and his employer, asserting that the accountant committed malpractice, for which his employer is vicariously liable, in evaluating businesses in connection with appellant’s dissolution action. Because the accountant was retained as an independent neutral evaluator of the businesses and a Hennepin County District Court Order required appellant and her husband to cooperate with and pay for the evaluation, respondents moved for summary judgment asserting quasi-judicial immunity. The district court granted summary judgment, holding that court appointment and public policy required that respondents be protected by quasi-judicial immunity. Because it concluded that respondent's accountant was not retained or appointed to perform a "judicial" function, the Minnesota Court of Appeals opted to reverse and remand.

The Court held that Dennis’ evaluation of business assets did not involve an "exercise of authority that is essentially judicial in nature." Dennis’ function was to apply sound accounting principles to develop factual bases supporting his expert opinion on the value of businesses in which appellant and her husband had an interest. Dennis had to exercise the same skill and judgment required by those in his profession; but exercise of that judgment did not equate to performing a judicial function. Dennis was retained, whether by appellant and her husband, or by the court, to give his expert opinion on the businesses’ value, not as a "decision-maker to determine competing claims" of appellant and her husband. For these reasons the Court concluded that even if Dennis was a court-appointed neutral, he was not appointed to perform a judicial function, and therefore is not entitled to quasi-judicial immunity. Because Dennis is not entitled to such immunity, Baune Dosen is therefore not entitled to vicarious quasi-judicial immunity.
 

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Minnesota is a no-fault divorce state. A divorce will be granted in Minnesota without the necessity of proving that one of the parties is guilty of marital misconduct. In earlier times, a party to a divorce was required to demonstrate that the other spouse was at fault for causing a breakdown in the marriage. Adultory was by far the most common basis, but others included domestic abuse, abandonment and an inability to consumate the marriage.

Today, a party to a divorce in Minnesota must merely demonstrate that there has been an "irretrievable breakdown" in the marital relationship. One spouse must simply acknowledge as much, and the court will grant their request to dissolve the marriage. A relatively low threshold - and a tough pill to swallow for those who feel that there is no "justice" in their case unless the court takes into account marital misconduct.

Potential clients often ask, "Should I fight the divorce?" Yes, if you intend to do so outside of the legal arena through counseling or therapy. Once it is obvious that the marriage cannot be saved, your resistence should be limited to that which is necessary to obtain a favorable court order. Not wanting the divorce can be used as leverage against your spouse if they are anxious to conclude matters. Often, the impatient spouse will buy a quick resolution by making an extremely attractive settlement offer. This strategy should be balanced against overdoing it. If you are fighting the dissolution process out of anger or spite, you are likely to cause significant economic and emotional harm to you, your spouse and your children.

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